Quicknode

March 5, 2019 — 7 min read

What is The Graph, how to create a subgraph, and how does it help my dApp?

Most Ethereum dApps have two parts to their Infrastructure (Simple version):

• Front-end (Running in-browser)

• An Ethereum Node (Interface to the ETH network)

When a transaction occurs on Ethereum, it emits events. The Front-end watches for these events and updates the UI accordingly. dApps can do limited types of queries to an Ethereum node to show data on the front-end.

But dApps can’t live with just transactions, events and those minimal queries. To provide a full user experience, a dApp needs to process at least its own data, to show a particular user’s activity, build a user profile, show analytics and enable multiple features… How can we do all that now?

A number of dApp development teams are doing this by building their own custom solutions — scraping blockchain data, tracking events, transactions, and storing them in a traditional centralized database. But we want trust minimization on web3, right?

Summarizing the problem —

What is The Graph?

The Graph team is solving this problem by building a decentralized protocol which will be enabled by Graph Nodes processing Ethereum events and storing them as indexed data which dApps can query through an API endpoint.

These Indexes (“subgraphs”) are currently being hosted by The Graph team. But, in the future, these Indexes will live on fully decentralized network of Graph Nodes.

How does The Graph work?

Let's dig deeper and understand how The Graph actually works:

• dApps (through their smart contracts) create Ethereum transactions, which emit events.

• Graph Nodes scan every Ethereum block looking for events.

• Graph Nodes find events for your subgraph in Ethereum blocks and runs the mapping handlers you provided. This mapping decides how data gets stored and updated in Graph Nodes.

• Your dApp can query this data through GraphQL APIs, which get translated by Graph Nodes to fetch indexed data.

So, what are we waiting for? Let’s build a Subgraph!

Build a Subgraph

Let’s use a sample smart contract with Truffle project and build a subgraph.

Graph Explorer

Using Graph Explorer you can explore other subgraphs built by the community. We can also query subgraphs using Graph Explorer UI.

We need to create an account on Graph Explorer and get an Access Token, which will be used while deploying our subgraph on Graph Nodes (hosted by The Graph team). So let's create an account on the Graph Explorer.

Create a subgraph using Graph Explorer UI with name “example”.

Now we need to install Graph-CLI in our system (I am using Ubuntu 16.10):

sudo yarn global add @graphprotocol/graph-cli

Let’s create an example-subgraph by using the command below:

graph init buddies2705/example-subgraph example-subgraph// Command Syntax 
graph init <GITHUB_USER>/<SUBGRAPH_NAME> <DIRECTORY>

// Here Direcotry is optional, if you don't pass it it will create a directory with SUBGRAPH_NAME

Let’s install dependency and generate mappings:

//Install Dependencies
 yarn
//Generate Mappings
yarn codegen

Let’s establish Auth using Access token (we can get this Access Token from the Graph Explorer dashboard):

graph auth https://api.thegraph.com/deploy/<ACCESS_TOKEN>

Now we can deploy our subgraph on the Graph Explorer using the command below:

graph deploy     --debug     --node https://api.thegraph.com/deploy/     --ipfs https://api.thegraph.com/ipfs/     buddies2705/example

//You can see we are using buddies/example where "buddies2705" is my //github username and "example" is our subgraph name create using //Graph explorer UI.

Now open Graph Explorer and you can see your subgraph. You can query your subgraph too using the Graph Explorer UI. You can also see endpoints to interact programmatically with your Subgraph.

Under the Hood

Let’s go deeper and understand what happened “Under the Hood”. We had a Truffle project with a Gravity.sol contract, which is simply creating a Gravatar (your Avatar on the Internet) on Ethereum.

This contract is emitting two events

• NewGravatar — When a new Gravatar get created

• UpdatedGravatar — When an existing Gravatar gets updated

event NewGravatar(uint id, address owner, string displayName, string imageUrl);

event UpdatedGravatar(uint id, address owner, string displayName, string imageUrl);

If we index these two Data events, we can answer queries like:

• How many Gravatars were created last year?

• How many Gravatars get updated per day on average?

• What is the top 10 image hosts for all our Gravatars? (it will be IPFS 😎)

• What are the most common names for Gravatars?

Some of these queries need to run on full contract data from the time the Contract deployed, and this is not possible from the normal web3 queries. You need indexed data.

With The Graph, you can create mappings to index this Data, which will live in the Data-store (currently Postgres). So, let’s see how mappings get created:

Important Files

Let’s first look at the subgraph.yaml, which defines all mappings:

specVersion: 0.0.1
description: Gravatar for Ethereum
repository: https://github.com/rodventures/gravity-subgraph
schema:
  file: ./schema.graphql
dataSources:
  - kind: ethereum/contract
    name: Gravity
    network: mainnet
    source:
      address: '0x2E645469f354BB4F5c8a05B3b30A929361cf77eC'
      abi: Gravity
    mapping:
      kind: ethereum/events
      apiVersion: 0.0.1
      language: wasm/assemblyscript
      entities:
        - Gravatar
      abis:
        - name: Gravity
          file: ./abis/Gravity.json
      eventHandlers:
        - event: NewGravatar(uint256,address,string,string)
          handler: handleNewGravatar
        - event: UpdatedGravatar(uint256,address,string,string)
          handler: handleUpdatedGravatar
      file: ./src/mapping.ts

Let’s take a look at the important fields of this file:

dataSources: Data sources will have all the smart contracts you want to track. (In our case, It’s only 1).

All other fields are self-explanatory, so let's look into eventHandlers field, which is defining our mappings:

eventHandles: in this field, we will define our mappings. We will add events and functions which will handle those events. For example, we are defining handleNewGravatar for our NewGravatar event.

file: This field will have our Mapping file containing event handler functions, which is mapping.ts in our case.

mapping.ts is where you implement event handlers… these event handlers will execute whenever our Gravatar events get emitted, creating entities and saving them to the store, as we have described in our event handler functions.

import { NewGravatar, UpdatedGravatar } from './types/Gravity/Gravity'
import { Gravatar } from './types/schema'

export function handleNewGravatar(event: NewGravatar): void {
  let gravatar = new Gravatar(event.params.id.toHex())
  gravatar.owner = event.params.owner
  gravatar.displayName = event.params.displayName
  gravatar.imageUrl = event.params.imageUrl
  gravatar.save()
}

export function handleUpdatedGravatar(event: UpdatedGravatar): void {
  let id = event.params.id.toHex()
  let gravatar = Gravatar.load(id)
  if (gravatar == null) {
    gravatar = new Gravatar(id)
  }
  gravatar.owner = event.params.owner
  gravatar.displayName = event.params.displayName
  gravatar.imageUrl = event.params.imageUrl
  gravatar.save()
}

You can see that we are importing two files, Gravity.ts 그리고 Schema.ts— both files get generated when we ran yarn codegen. These files contain types, which make working with contracts, events, and entities easy. We also have a schema.graphql,which will contain entities.

type Gravatar @entity {  
    id: ID!  
    owner: Bytes!  
    displayName: String! 
    imageUrl: String!
}

Our schema.ts file gets generated using this schema.graphql and our Gravity.ts file gets generated based on smart contract Gravity.sol .

These are a lot of GraphQL concepts. If you don’t know about GraphQL check here, but you can build a basic subgraph with a minimum understanding of GraphQL.

Build a subgraph for you dApp

If you are running a dApp, you’ve probably faced this Data problem.

Below are the steps which you will need to follow for building a custom subgraph for your dApp (as outlined above).

• Install Graph-CLI and other dependencies

• Create a subgraph.yaml

• Create schema.graphql

• Generate schema files

• Create a Mapping file with the event handlers

Useful Commands

Graph-CLI exposes useful commands you can file them under package.json.

Conclusion

The best property which people still do not still recognize is that Web3 Infrastructure will enable autonomous internet applications, which can sustain for foreseeable future without any maintenance.

Decentralization and trust minimization is a difficult problem to solve. The Graph team is trying to do that and build an important part of dApp infrastructure. If you are building a scalable dApp you should look into The Graph protocol!

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