← Guides / Web3 SDKs / Solana Transaction Propagation: Handling Dropped Transactions

Solana Transaction Propagation: Handling Dropped Transactions

May 31, 2022

Overview

Hello readers! We know Solana network congestion can sometimes throw a wrench in your transactions. Occasionally, when Solana is congested, transactions get dropped, meaning your sendTransaction request may return a valid Transaction ID, but the response returns null.

Solana Explorer Example of Transaction Not Found

If you do not adequately safeguard for this scenario, you risk telling your user that a transaction has been confirmed even though it has failed. In this guide, we will walk through the steps required to ensure that your transactions are finalized or that the blockhash has expired, so you can retry the transaction.

What You Will Need

* Nodejs (version 16.15 or higher)

* Experience with basic transactions on Solana. Read our guide on how to send a transaction on Solana for more information.

* Knowledge of Javascript

Set Up Your Environment

Create a new project directory and file, index.js, in your terminal with:

mkdir project_name
cd project_name echo > index.js

Install Solana Web3 dependencies:

yarn init
yarn add @solana/web3.js

or

npm init
npm install --save @solana/web3.js

Open index.js in a code editor of choice and on line 1, import Connection, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL, and PublicKey from the Solana web3 library:

set up your environment

import {Connection, PublicKey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL } from '@solana/web3.js';

import {Connection, PublicKey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL } from '@solana/web3.js';

Make sure to add "type": "module" to your package.json to allow imports.

Build a Sample Transaction

In this example, we will use requestAirdrop, but you can use sendTransaction or any other method that returns a Promise<TransactionSignature>.

Establish a connection to your RPC.

While this goal could be accomplished by any node connection on the Solana network, here at QuickNode, we make it quick and easy to set up a Solana node.

You can register for a free trial, as well as see pricing here.

Make sure to launch your node under the Solana Devnet and copy the HTTP link:

New Solana Devnet Node

Navigate back to the index.js file and establish a connection to Solana Devnet with the following constants:

build a sample transaction

const solanaDevnet = 'https://example.solana-devnet.quiknode.pro/000000/';
const solanaConnection = new Connection(solanaDevnet);

const solanaDevnet = 'https://example.solana-devnet.quiknode.pro/000000/';
const solanaConnection = new Connection(solanaDevnet);

Define a public key to airdrop tokens to:

build a sample transaction

const toDropPublicKey = new PublicKey('YOUR_PUBLIC_KEY');

const toDropPublicKey = new PublicKey('YOUR_PUBLIC_KEY');

Establish timeout and iteration variables. For this exercise, we will check if a transaction's status every statusCheckInterval (ms) for a period of timeout (ms) (As of this writing, the transaction's blockhash will expire after 150 blocks or ~1 minute and 19 seconds.). Additionally, we will define a sleep function to control our loop timing and declare a boolean, isBlockhashValid, which we will use later.

build a sample transaction

const statusCheckInterval = 300;
const timeout = 90000; 
let isBlockhashValid = true;
const sleep = (ms) => {
    return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
}

const statusCheckInterval = 300;
const timeout = 90000; 
let isBlockhashValid = true;
const sleep = (ms) => {
    return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
}

Create a Transaction and define your initialBlock by calling await solanaConnection.getSignatureStatus(txId)).context.slot (Note: even dropped transactions should include this context):

build a sample transaction

(async()=>{
    const airdropSignature = solanaConnection.requestAirdrop(
        toDropPublicKey,
        LAMPORTS_PER_SOL, //Airdrop 1 SOL
    );    const txId = await airdropSignature;
    const inititalBlock = (await solanaConnection.getSignatureStatus(txId)).context.slot
})()

(async()=>{
    const airdropSignature = solanaConnection.requestAirdrop(
        toDropPublicKey,
        LAMPORTS_PER_SOL, //Airdrop 1 SOL
    );    const txId = await airdropSignature;
    const inititalBlock = (await solanaConnection.getSignatureStatus(txId)).context.slot
})()

Set a Timeout

Inside your async function, declare a boolean variable, done, and set a timeout to run after timeout has expired.

set a timeout

    let done = false;
    setTimeout(() => {
        if (done) {
          return;
        }
        done = true;
        console.log('Timed out for txid', txId);
        //notify user of timeout or attempt retry
      }, timeout);

    let done = false;
    setTimeout(() => {
        if (done) {
          return;
        }
        done = true;
        console.log('Timed out for txid', txId);
        //notify user of timeout or attempt retry
      }, timeout);

Create the getSignatureStatus Loop

After your timeout, call getSignatureStatus on the returned txId until it returns a status of confirmed or finalized to ensure that we do not end up using a null Transaction ID that the Solana network dropped.

create the getsignaturestatus loop

    while (!done && isBlockhashValid) {
        //check the transaction signature status
        const confirmation = await solanaConnection.getSignatureStatus(txId);

        //if the transaction is found and confirmed or finalized, end the loop
        if (
            confirmation.value
            && ((confirmation.value.confirmationStatus === 'confirmed')
                || (confirmation.value.confirmationStatus === 'finalized'))
        )
        {
            console.log(`Confirmation Status: ${confirmation.value.confirmationStatus}`, txId)
            done = true;
            //Run any additional code you'd like with your txId (e.g. notify user of succesful transaction)
        }
        else {
            console.log(`Confirmation Status: ${confirmation.value?.confirmationStatus || 'not yet found.'}`);
        }
        //wait for the interval period before checking again
        await sleep(statusCheckInterval);
    }

    while (!done && isBlockhashValid) {
        //check the transaction signature status
        const confirmation = await solanaConnection.getSignatureStatus(txId);

        //if the transaction is found and confirmed or finalized, end the loop
        if (
            confirmation.value
            && ((confirmation.value.confirmationStatus === 'confirmed')
                || (confirmation.value.confirmationStatus === 'finalized'))
        )
        {
            console.log(`Confirmation Status: ${confirmation.value.confirmationStatus}`, txId)
            done = true;
            //Run any additional code you'd like with your txId (e.g. notify user of succesful transaction)
        }
        else {
            console.log(`Confirmation Status: ${confirmation.value?.confirmationStatus || 'not yet found.'}`);
        }
        //wait for the interval period before checking again
        await sleep(statusCheckInterval);
    }

Check that the Blockhash has Expired

Finally, if the transaction times out, create a isBlockhashExpired function to check whether it is safe to retry the transaction.

check that the blockhash has expired

async function isBlockhashExpired(initialBlockHeight) {
    let currentBlockHeight = (await solanaConnection.getBlockHeight());
    console.log(currentBlockHeight);
    return (currentBlockHeight > initialBlockHeight);
}

async function isBlockhashExpired(initialBlockHeight) {
    let currentBlockHeight = (await solanaConnection.getBlockHeight());
    console.log(currentBlockHeight);
    return (currentBlockHeight > initialBlockHeight);
}

Inside the while loop, call isBlockhashExpired to update isBlockhashValid.

check that the blockhash has expired

        isBlockhashValid = !(await isBlockhashExpired(inititalBlock));
        await sleep(statusCheckInterval);

        isBlockhashValid = !(await isBlockhashExpired(inititalBlock));
        await sleep(statusCheckInterval);

Update your timeout to perform desired actions dependent on the validity of the blockhash:

check that the blockhash has expired

    let done = false;
    setTimeout(() => {
        if (done) {
          return;
        }
        done = true;
        console.log('Timed out for txid', txId);
        console.log(`${isBlockhashValid ? 'Blockhash not yet expired.' : 'Blockhash has expired.' }`)
        //notify user of timeout or attempt retry
      }, timeout);

    let done = false;
    setTimeout(() => {
        if (done) {
          return;
        }
        done = true;
        console.log('Timed out for txid', txId);
        console.log(`${isBlockhashValid ? 'Blockhash not yet expired.' : 'Blockhash has expired.' }`)
        //notify user of timeout or attempt retry
      }, timeout);

Run Your Code!

Your final script should look like this:

run your code

import {Connection, PublicKey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL } from '@solana/web3.js';

const solanaDevnet = 'https://example.solana-devnet.quiknode.pro/000000/';
const solanaConnection = new Connection(solanaDevnet);
const toDropPublicKey = new PublicKey('YOUR_PUBLIC_KEY');

const statusCheckInterval = 300;
const timeout = 90000;
let isBlockhashValid = true;
const sleep = (ms) => {
    return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
}
async function isBlockhashExpired(initialBlockHeight) {
    let currentBlockHeight = (await solanaConnection.getBlockHeight());
    console.log(currentBlockHeight);
    return (currentBlockHeight > initialBlockHeight);
}

(async()=>{

    const airdropSignature = solanaConnection.requestAirdrop(
        toDropPublicKey,
        LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
    );
    const txId = await airdropSignature;
    const inititalBlock = (await solanaConnection.getSignatureStatus(txId)).context.slot;
    let done = false;
    setTimeout(() => {
        if (done) {
          return;
        }
        done = true;
        console.log('Timed out for txid', txId);
        console.log(`${isBlockhashValid ? 'Blockhash not yet expired.' : 'Blockhash has expired.' }`)
    }, timeout);

    while (!done && isBlockhashValid) {
        const confirmation = await solanaConnection.getSignatureStatus(txId);

        if (confirmation.value && ((confirmation.value.confirmationStatus === 'confirmed') || (confirmation.value.confirmationStatus === 'finalized'))) {
            console.log(`Confirmation Status: ${confirmation.value.confirmationStatus}`, txId)
            done = true;
            //Run any additional code you'd like with your txId (e.g. notify user of succesful transaction)
        }
        else {
            console.log(`Confirmation Status: ${confirmation.value?.confirmationStatus || 'not yet found.'}`);
        }
        isBlockhashValid =  !(await isBlockhashExpired(inititalBlock));
        await sleep(statusCheckInterval);
    }

})()

import {Connection, PublicKey, LAMPORTS_PER_SOL } from '@solana/web3.js';

const solanaDevnet = 'https://example.solana-devnet.quiknode.pro/000000/';
const solanaConnection = new Connection(solanaDevnet);
const toDropPublicKey = new PublicKey('YOUR_PUBLIC_KEY');

const statusCheckInterval = 300;
const timeout = 90000;
let isBlockhashValid = true;
const sleep = (ms) => {
    return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
}
async function isBlockhashExpired(initialBlockHeight) {
    let currentBlockHeight = (await solanaConnection.getBlockHeight());
    console.log(currentBlockHeight);
    return (currentBlockHeight > initialBlockHeight);
}

(async()=>{

    const airdropSignature = solanaConnection.requestAirdrop(
        toDropPublicKey,
        LAMPORTS_PER_SOL,
    );
    const txId = await airdropSignature;
    const inititalBlock = (await solanaConnection.getSignatureStatus(txId)).context.slot;
    let done = false;
    setTimeout(() => {
        if (done) {
          return;
        }
        done = true;
        console.log('Timed out for txid', txId);
        console.log(`${isBlockhashValid ? 'Blockhash not yet expired.' : 'Blockhash has expired.' }`)
    }, timeout);

    while (!done && isBlockhashValid) {
        const confirmation = await solanaConnection.getSignatureStatus(txId);

        if (confirmation.value && ((confirmation.value.confirmationStatus === 'confirmed') || (confirmation.value.confirmationStatus === 'finalized'))) {
            console.log(`Confirmation Status: ${confirmation.value.confirmationStatus}`, txId)
            done = true;
            //Run any additional code you'd like with your txId (e.g. notify user of succesful transaction)
        }
        else {
            console.log(`Confirmation Status: ${confirmation.value?.confirmationStatus || 'not yet found.'}`);
        }
        isBlockhashValid =  !(await isBlockhashExpired(inititalBlock));
        await sleep(statusCheckInterval);
    }

})()

Enter node index.js from your project directory to run your code!

Tip: Use a Solana Node with QuickNode

Some data-intensive queries on Solana may cause an RPC node to fall behind. If you are doing many queries like getProgramAccounts, fetching large amounts of NFT metadata, or performing time-sensitive transactions, you might consider using the QuickNode Solana node you set up earlier. Our high-performing infrastructure distributes your load among hundreds of nodes for optimal performance.

Conclusion

That's it! You're now on your way to providing a better experience for your users. As the Solana ecosystem continues to mature, expect processes around transaction handling to evolve. To put these concepts into practice, check out some of our other Solana tutorials here.

Subscribe to our newsletter for more articles and guides on Solana. Feel free to reach out to us via Twitter if you have any feedback. You can always chat with us on our Discord community server, featuring some of the coolest developers you'll ever meet :)

Overview
What You Will Need
Set Up Your Environment
Build a Sample Transaction
Set a Timeout
Create the getSignatureStatus Loop
Check that the Blockhash has Expired
Run Your Code!
Conclusion

Aaron Milano

Developer empowering others to build on Solana and Web3. Technical Content @ QuickNode

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How to Lazy Mint an NFT on Rarible with Rarepress

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NFTs are great for creators to monetize their artwork and for people to get ownership of an item. But since gas prices are usually high given the highly in-demand space on Ethereum, minting an NFT or an NFT collection can become costly for a creator. Lazy minting solves...

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