Quicknode

February 25, 2025 — 5 min read

The Pectra upgrade marks another leap forward for the Ethereum blockchain, pushing it closer to a scalable and efficient environment for users and developers. In this post, we’ll unpack what Pectra is all about, dive into the Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) included in the upgrade, and explore how these proposals strengthen the network. We’ll also touch on a hiccup that occurred during the testnet upgrade process (more on that later). Let’s get started!

Pectra EIPs: What’s Under the Hood

Pectra packs different EIPs that tweak Ethereum’s Execution Layer (EL) and Consensus Layer (CL) mechanics. Here’s the rundown:

• EIP-7702: Allows Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs) to delegate execution of smart contract logic without losing their ability to sign transactions. It does this via a new transaction type (0x4) that sets a "delegation designator" (0xef0100 + target address) in the EOA's code field. When someone interacts with the EOA, the EVM automatically executes the bytecode at the target address in the EOA's context, giving it access to the EOA's storage and balance. This enables smart contract features like batching transactions (i.e., ERC-20 token approval/swap) and permission management while maintaining the EOA's original address and signing capabilities. It aims to be a short-term functionality of account abstraction without requiring new protocol-level opcodes.

• EIP-7251: Bumps MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE to 2,048 ETH (from 32 ETH) while keeping the 32 ETH staking minimum. Large validators benefit off this by getting to run fewer validators and beacon nodes, while small validators gain from compounding rewards and more flexible staking increments (e.g., staking 40 ETH directly instead of needing 64 ETH for two separate validators).

• EIP-7742: This EIP removes the redundant blob maximum verification from the execution layer and changes how the EL receives the blob target value. Instead of fixed values hardcoded in the EL, the consensus layer now dynamically provides both the target_blobs_per_block and max_blobs_per_block values via the Engine API. This modification adds flexibility to blob parameters, making it easier to adjust them as part of Ethereum's scaling strategy.

• EIP-7691: Doubles blob counts from 3 to 6 (target) and 6 to 9 (max) per block, boosting L2 data availability and cutting rollup gas costs by increasing the capacity for data-intensive transactions on Ethereum’s layer 2 solution.

What This Means For Users & Developers

• For Users: EIP-7702 means smarter EOAs—think gasless txs or batched transactions in dApps such as approval and swap. EIP-7691’s blob boost drops L2 fees, and EIP-7251 makes staking rewards easier to stack.

• For Developers: Account abstraction (7702) unlocks new dApp possibilities. Blob scaling (7691, 7742) pumps L2 throughput, while EL/CL tweaks (6110, 7002) smooth out staking integrations.

• For the Network: More blobs and leaner CL ops prep Ethereum for heavier loads, though client bugs remind us of execution risks.
  

Holesky Stumble and Client Diversity: Ethereum’s Hidden Strength

Pectra hit the Holesky testnet on February 24, 2025, kicking off a critical trial run for the upgrade, however, things didn’t go entirely to plan. After some time, the network ran into trouble when finality (i.e., the point where transactions are locked in), failed to take hold across certain blockchain clients. The issue stemmed from a misconfiguration in deposit contract addresses, which threw off the Pectra requests hash calculation and churned out incorrect values. As a result, majority clients like Geth stalled out, while minority players like Erigon and Reth kept chugging along (more info).

This stumble on Holesky shines a spotlight on something Ethereum can’t live without: client diversity. When one client trips, others pick up the slack, and that’s exactly what happened here. A network overly reliant on a single client—like when Geth commanded an 80% share back in 2021 (more info)—is a fragile setup, vulnerable to collapse from a single bug (remember Geth v1.10.8’s chain split?). Diverse clients distribute that risk, ensuring the chain stays resilient even when one falters. It’s why outfits like Quicknode run multi-client setups—think Geth, Nethermind, Erigon, Reth, and more—to harden their infrastructure. For a decentralized network like Ethereum, this isn’t just a bonus, it’s a must-have.

What’s Next on the Roadmap

If Sepolia is successfully upgraded on March 5, 2025, Pectra is expected to go live on mainnet in April 2025. Then, Ethereum's next focus is on the Fusaka upgrade, with these standout changes:

• PeerDAS: A new feature to help Layer 2 solutions grow faster

• More Blobs: Raising blobs to at least 12, doubling Layer 2 scaling power from Pectra.

• EVM EOF: A collection of multiple EIPs aimed at improving the structure of smart contracts executed on the EVM.